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1 zoff99 2 /*
2    
3     SUNRISET.C - computes Sun rise/set times, start/end of twilight, and
4     the length of the day at any date and latitude
5    
6     Written as DAYLEN.C, 1989-08-16
7    
8     Modified to SUNRISET.C, 1992-12-01
9    
10     (c) Paul Schlyter, 1989, 1992
11    
12     Released to the public domain by Paul Schlyter, December 1992
13    
14     */
15    
16    
17     #include <stdio.h>
18     #include <math.h>
19    
20     #include "sunriset.h"
21    
22     /* The "workhorse" function for sun rise/set times */
23    
24     int __sunriset__( int year, int month, int day, double lon, double lat,
25     double altit, int upper_limb, double *trise, double *tset )
26     /***************************************************************************/
27     /* Note: year,month,date = calendar date, 1801-2099 only. */
28     /* Eastern longitude positive, Western longitude negative */
29     /* Northern latitude positive, Southern latitude negative */
30     /* The longitude value IS critical in this function! */
31     /* altit = the altitude which the Sun should cross */
32     /* Set to -35/60 degrees for rise/set, -6 degrees */
33     /* for civil, -12 degrees for nautical and -18 */
34     /* degrees for astronomical twilight. */
35     /* upper_limb: non-zero -> upper limb, zero -> center */
36     /* Set to non-zero (e.g. 1) when computing rise/set */
37     /* times, and to zero when computing start/end of */
38     /* twilight. */
39     /* *rise = where to store the rise time */
40     /* *set = where to store the set time */
41     /* Both times are relative to the specified altitude, */
42     /* and thus this function can be used to comupte */
43     /* various twilight times, as well as rise/set times */
44     /* Return value: 0 = sun rises/sets this day, times stored at */
45     /* *trise and *tset. */
46     /* +1 = sun above the specified "horizon" 24 hours. */
47     /* *trise set to time when the sun is at south, */
48     /* minus 12 hours while *tset is set to the south */
49     /* time plus 12 hours. "Day" length = 24 hours */
50     /* -1 = sun is below the specified "horizon" 24 hours */
51     /* "Day" length = 0 hours, *trise and *tset are */
52     /* both set to the time when the sun is at south. */
53     /* */
54     /**********************************************************************/
55     {
56     double d, /* Days since 2000 Jan 0.0 (negative before) */
57     sr, /* Solar distance, astronomical units */
58     sRA, /* Sun's Right Ascension */
59     sdec, /* Sun's declination */
60     sradius, /* Sun's apparent radius */
61     t, /* Diurnal arc */
62     tsouth, /* Time when Sun is at south */
63     sidtime; /* Local sidereal time */
64    
65     int rc = 0; /* Return cde from function - usually 0 */
66    
67     /* Compute d of 12h local mean solar time */
68     d = days_since_2000_Jan_0(year,month,day) + 0.5 - lon/360.0;
69    
70     /* Compute local sideral time of this moment */
71     sidtime = revolution( GMST0(d) + 180.0 + lon );
72    
73     /* Compute Sun's RA + Decl at this moment */
74     sun_RA_dec( d, &sRA, &sdec, &sr );
75    
76     /* Compute time when Sun is at south - in hours UT */
77     tsouth = 12.0 - rev180(sidtime - sRA)/15.0;
78    
79     /* Compute the Sun's apparent radius, degrees */
80     sradius = 0.2666 / sr;
81    
82     /* Do correction to upper limb, if necessary */
83     if ( upper_limb )
84     altit -= sradius;
85    
86     /* Compute the diurnal arc that the Sun traverses to reach */
87     /* the specified altitide altit: */
88     {
89     double cost;
90     cost = ( sind(altit) - sind(lat) * sind(sdec) ) /
91     ( cosd(lat) * cosd(sdec) );
92     if ( cost >= 1.0 )
93     rc = -1, t = 0.0; /* Sun always below altit */
94     else if ( cost <= -1.0 )
95     rc = +1, t = 12.0; /* Sun always above altit */
96     else
97     t = acosd(cost)/15.0; /* The diurnal arc, hours */
98     }
99    
100     /* Store rise and set times - in hours UT */
101     *trise = tsouth - t;
102     *tset = tsouth + t;
103    
104     return rc;
105     } /* __sunriset__ */
106    
107    
108    
109     /* The "workhorse" function */
110    
111    
112     double __daylen__( int year, int month, int day, double lon, double lat,
113     double altit, int upper_limb )
114     /**********************************************************************/
115     /* Note: year,month,date = calendar date, 1801-2099 only. */
116     /* Eastern longitude positive, Western longitude negative */
117     /* Northern latitude positive, Southern latitude negative */
118     /* The longitude value is not critical. Set it to the correct */
119     /* longitude if you're picky, otherwise set to to, say, 0.0 */
120     /* The latitude however IS critical - be sure to get it correct */
121     /* altit = the altitude which the Sun should cross */
122     /* Set to -35/60 degrees for rise/set, -6 degrees */
123     /* for civil, -12 degrees for nautical and -18 */
124     /* degrees for astronomical twilight. */
125     /* upper_limb: non-zero -> upper limb, zero -> center */
126     /* Set to non-zero (e.g. 1) when computing day length */
127     /* and to zero when computing day+twilight length. */
128     /**********************************************************************/
129     {
130     double d, /* Days since 2000 Jan 0.0 (negative before) */
131     obl_ecl, /* Obliquity (inclination) of Earth's axis */
132     sr, /* Solar distance, astronomical units */
133     slon, /* True solar longitude */
134     sin_sdecl, /* Sine of Sun's declination */
135     cos_sdecl, /* Cosine of Sun's declination */
136     sradius, /* Sun's apparent radius */
137     t; /* Diurnal arc */
138    
139     /* Compute d of 12h local mean solar time */
140     d = days_since_2000_Jan_0(year,month,day) + 0.5 - lon/360.0;
141    
142     /* Compute obliquity of ecliptic (inclination of Earth's axis) */
143     obl_ecl = 23.4393 - 3.563E-7 * d;
144    
145     /* Compute Sun's position */
146     sunpos( d, &slon, &sr );
147    
148     /* Compute sine and cosine of Sun's declination */
149     sin_sdecl = sind(obl_ecl) * sind(slon);
150     cos_sdecl = sqrt( 1.0 - sin_sdecl * sin_sdecl );
151    
152     /* Compute the Sun's apparent radius, degrees */
153     sradius = 0.2666 / sr;
154    
155     /* Do correction to upper limb, if necessary */
156     if ( upper_limb )
157     altit -= sradius;
158    
159     /* Compute the diurnal arc that the Sun traverses to reach */
160     /* the specified altitide altit: */
161     {
162     double cost;
163     cost = ( sind(altit) - sind(lat) * sin_sdecl ) /
164     ( cosd(lat) * cos_sdecl );
165     if ( cost >= 1.0 )
166     t = 0.0; /* Sun always below altit */
167     else if ( cost <= -1.0 )
168     t = 24.0; /* Sun always above altit */
169     else t = (2.0/15.0) * acosd(cost); /* The diurnal arc, hours */
170     }
171     return t;
172     } /* __daylen__ */
173    
174    
175     /* This function computes the Sun's position at any instant */
176    
177     void sunpos( double d, double *lon, double *r )
178     /******************************************************/
179     /* Computes the Sun's ecliptic longitude and distance */
180     /* at an instant given in d, number of days since */
181     /* 2000 Jan 0.0. The Sun's ecliptic latitude is not */
182     /* computed, since it's always very near 0. */
183     /******************************************************/
184     {
185     double M, /* Mean anomaly of the Sun */
186     w, /* Mean longitude of perihelion */
187     /* Note: Sun's mean longitude = M + w */
188     e, /* Eccentricity of Earth's orbit */
189     E, /* Eccentric anomaly */
190     x, y, /* x, y coordinates in orbit */
191     v; /* True anomaly */
192    
193     /* Compute mean elements */
194     M = revolution( 356.0470 + 0.9856002585 * d );
195     w = 282.9404 + 4.70935E-5 * d;
196     e = 0.016709 - 1.151E-9 * d;
197    
198     /* Compute true longitude and radius vector */
199     E = M + e * RADEG * sind(M) * ( 1.0 + e * cosd(M) );
200     x = cosd(E) - e;
201     y = sqrt( 1.0 - e*e ) * sind(E);
202     *r = sqrt( x*x + y*y ); /* Solar distance */
203     v = atan2d( y, x ); /* True anomaly */
204     *lon = v + w; /* True solar longitude */
205     if ( *lon >= 360.0 )
206     *lon -= 360.0; /* Make it 0..360 degrees */
207     }
208    
209     void sun_RA_dec( double d, double *RA, double *dec, double *r )
210     {
211     double lon, obl_ecl;
212     double xs, ys, zs;
213     double xe, ye, ze;
214    
215     /* Compute Sun's ecliptical coordinates */
216     sunpos( d, &lon, r );
217    
218     /* Compute ecliptic rectangular coordinates */
219     xs = *r * cosd(lon);
220     ys = *r * sind(lon);
221     zs = 0; /* because the Sun is always in the ecliptic plane! */
222    
223     /* Compute obliquity of ecliptic (inclination of Earth's axis) */
224     obl_ecl = 23.4393 - 3.563E-7 * d;
225    
226     /* Convert to equatorial rectangular coordinates - x is unchanged */
227     xe = xs;
228     ye = ys * cosd(obl_ecl);
229     ze = ys * sind(obl_ecl);
230    
231     /* Convert to spherical coordinates */
232     *RA = atan2d( ye, xe );
233     *dec = atan2d( ze, sqrt(xe*xe + ye*ye) );
234    
235     } /* sun_RA_dec */
236    
237    
238     /******************************************************************/
239     /* This function reduces any angle to within the first revolution */
240     /* by subtracting or adding even multiples of 360.0 until the */
241     /* result is >= 0.0 and < 360.0 */
242     /******************************************************************/
243    
244     #define INV360 ( 1.0 / 360.0 )
245    
246     double revolution( double x )
247     /*****************************************/
248     /* Reduce angle to within 0..360 degrees */
249     /*****************************************/
250     {
251     return( x - 360.0 * floor( x * INV360 ) );
252     } /* revolution */
253    
254     double rev180( double x )
255     /*********************************************/
256     /* Reduce angle to within -180..+180 degrees */
257     /*********************************************/
258     {
259     return( x - 360.0 * floor( x * INV360 + 0.5 ) );
260     } /* revolution */
261    
262    
263     /*******************************************************************/
264     /* This function computes GMST0, the Greenwhich Mean Sidereal Time */
265     /* at 0h UT (i.e. the sidereal time at the Greenwhich meridian at */
266     /* 0h UT). GMST is then the sidereal time at Greenwich at any */
267     /* time of the day. I've generelized GMST0 as well, and define it */
268     /* as: GMST0 = GMST - UT -- this allows GMST0 to be computed at */
269     /* other times than 0h UT as well. While this sounds somewhat */
270     /* contradictory, it is very practical: instead of computing */
271     /* GMST like: */
272     /* */
273     /* GMST = (GMST0) + UT * (366.2422/365.2422) */
274     /* */
275     /* where (GMST0) is the GMST last time UT was 0 hours, one simply */
276     /* computes: */
277     /* */
278     /* GMST = GMST0 + UT */
279     /* */
280     /* where GMST0 is the GMST "at 0h UT" but at the current moment! */
281     /* Defined in this way, GMST0 will increase with about 4 min a */
282     /* day. It also happens that GMST0 (in degrees, 1 hr = 15 degr) */
283     /* is equal to the Sun's mean longitude plus/minus 180 degrees! */
284     /* (if we neglect aberration, which amounts to 20 seconds of arc */
285     /* or 1.33 seconds of time) */
286     /* */
287     /*******************************************************************/
288    
289     double GMST0( double d )
290     {
291     double sidtim0;
292     /* Sidtime at 0h UT = L (Sun's mean longitude) + 180.0 degr */
293     /* L = M + w, as defined in sunpos(). Since I'm too lazy to */
294     /* add these numbers, I'll let the C compiler do it for me. */
295     /* Any decent C compiler will add the constants at compile */
296     /* time, imposing no runtime or code overhead. */
297     sidtim0 = revolution( ( 180.0 + 356.0470 + 282.9404 ) +
298     ( 0.9856002585 + 4.70935E-5 ) * d );
299     return sidtim0;
300     } /* GMST0 */

   
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